ANIMO
Animo is a detailed process-oriented simulation model for evaluation of nitrate leaching to groundwater, N- and P-loads on surface waters and greenhouse gas emission.
The model is primarily used for the ex-ante evaluation of fertilisation policy and legislation at regional and national scale. Animo aims to quantify the leaching of nutrients and the emission of greenhouse gasses as a function of fertilisation level, soil and water management and land use and for a wide range of soil types and different hydrological conditions. The model comprises descriptions of the carbon, the nitrogen and the phosphorus cycle in both the unsaturated and the saturated part of the soil.
STONE comprises of a national scale soil and land use schematisation, results of a hydrological model and simulation modules for simulation of nitrogen deposition, for simulation of crop uptake and for simulation of fertiliser and manure distribution and for the simulation of nutrient dynamics in soils (Animo).
NL-Cat comprises of a set of models and scripts for the simulation of water flow and nutrient transport and transformations in both the soil and the surface waters at the catchment scale, in which the Animo model addresses the nutrient dynamics in the soil.
Description ANIMO model
The ANIMO model simulates the transport of nutrients to groundwater and surface water systems and the emission of green house gasses for a wide range of soil types, land management practices and hydrological conditions.
Nutrient losses from land to surface waters
Transport routes from soils to groundwater and surface water systems and the atmosphere are schematically depicted in Figure 1.
ANIMO comprises description of the organic matter cycle, the nitrogen cycle and the phosphorus cycle since these cycles are interrelated in most of the modern farming systems and in soil bio-chemistry. The model focuses on the following processes:
- Inputs or additions to the soil system (fertiliser, manure, crop residues, atmospheric deposition);
- mineralization of nutrient compounds in relation to formation and decomposition of different types of organic matter as organic fertilisers, root residues, yield losses and native soil organic matter;
- NH3-volatilisation and emission to the atmosphere;
- nitrification of NH4 and denitrification of NO3;
- sorption onto and diffusion within soil particles, described by a combination of instantaneous and time dependent sorption and chemical precipitation of phosphates (Schoumans and Groenendijk, 2000);
- uptake by the vegetation;
- transport of dissolved organic and inorganic nutrients with water flow to deeper soil layers and to adjacent surface water systems;
- overland flow of particulate and dissolved organic phosphorous and inorganic phosphate with water flow to adjacent fields (runoff and erosion);
- a new feature includes the simulation of nutrient transport in cracking clay soils and macro-porous peat soils and the emission of green house gasses (CO2, N2O, CH4) (slide show)
Hydrological input data concerning soil moisture contents and water fluxes are derived from the output of supporting hydrological models. The SWAP model is mostly used to generate this type of input. The spatial discretization of the supporting hydrological model should be attuned to the division of soil layers in the ANIMO model.
The model has three options to simulate nitrogen and phosphorous uptake by crops and natural vegetations. One of the options is to impose pre-calculated crop uptake rates per time step. For this purpose, the results of the QUADMOD model can be used.
Specifications
Rate variables:
oxygen demand, exudate production, decomposition rates of four types of organic matter, nitrification rate, sorption rates for ammonium and phosphorus, fourteen water fluxes (precipitation, runoff, seepage, leaching, first-, second- and third-order drainage and infiltration, three evaporation terms, transpiration)
Number of rate variables:
about 50
State variables:
moisture contents, quantities of exudates, humus, fresh and soluble organic matter, adsorbed ammonium and phosphorus, nitrate, ammonium and phosphate in soil solution
Number of state variables:
over 75
Input data:
Soil moisture contents and water fluxes per simulation time step, fertilizer management (rate, type of fertilizer, time and depth of application), soil physical properties (pF, bulk density, five temperature parameters, oxygen diffusion coefficients in soil), soil chemical properties (pH, sorption coefficients, sorption rates), boundary and initial conditions
Number of input data:
about 80
Output data:
time series per compartment for nitrate-N, ammonium-N, DON, ortho-P, DOP concentrations, balance sheets for water, nitrogen and phosphorus for user defined units of soil depth
Number of output data:
variable (over 1000)
Time increments:
Simulation time step: 1-10 days. Output time step: 1 day - 1 year
Basic unit of surface area:
1 m2 (lysimeter) - 1000 ha (plot in regional model)
Technical specifications
Hardware:
IBM-compatibles with coprocessor
Programming language:
FORTRAN 77/90
Other software requirements:
none
User's guide and technical reference:
Renaud, L.V., J. Roelsma and P. Groenendijk, 2005. User’s guide of the ANIMO4.0 nutrient leaching model. Wageningen, Alterra–Report 224, 184 pp
Application reports:
list of some applications on local and regional scales is included in the User's Guide.
Source code available:
in principle no (exceptions can be made for PhD-research, please contact Alterra)
Executable available:
yes, upon request
Examples
Availability
Releases of the model are available for internal (within Wageningen Environmental Research) and external use. Versions have already been applied to various hardware platforms, such as PC/MS-DOS, SUN/UNIX, VAX/VMS. Switching between platforms and their corresponding compilers causes no problems, because the code is written in relatively simple plain near-standard Fortran77/90. There is no Windows version.
The model is normally available as an executable release, which is nearly always delivered for MS-DOS personal computers. In a few joint projects the model was made operational on specific hardware systems. So far the source code has only been made available within joint projects.
For non-commercial use in an academic environment the ANIMO model can be used free of charge. We can not provide helpdesk services and we do not have budget for assisting.
We highly appreciate to learn from other's experiences and therefore we demand for feed-back on the results obtained with the ANIMO model.
Documentation
Obtaining the model
The model can be obtained by taking notice of the general terms and conditions and by filling in the agreement.
Support of the ANIMO model
- We appointed a configuration manager who gives limited support through E-mail
- We apply strict version control
- We can supply some graphical tools to facilitate the analysis of model results
Bibliography
Model description and reviews
Arah, J.R.M. and A.J.A. Vinten, 1995. Simplified models of anoxia and denitrification in aggregated and simple-structured soils. Eur. Journal of Soil Science 46, 507-517.
Groenendijk, P., L.V. Renaud and J. Roelsma, 2005. Prediction of Nitrogen and Phosphorus leaching to groundwater and surface waters; Process descriptions of the Animo4.0 model. Wageningen, Alterra–Report 983, 114 pp.
Heinen M., 2006. Simplified denitrification models: Overview and properties. Geoderma 133, 444-463.
Hendriks, R.F.A., Wolleswinkel, R. & Akker, J.J.H. van den, 2007. Predicting soil subsidence and greenhouse gas emission in peat soils depending on water management with the SWAP-ANIMO model. In B. Robroek, et al., (Eds.), Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Carbon in Peatlands, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 15 - 18 April 2007 pp. 113-114.
Kersebaum, K.C., J-M. Hecker, W. Mirschel and M. Wegehenkel, 2007. Modelling water and nutrient dynamics in soil–crop systems. In: Kersebaum, K.C. et al. (Eds). Proceedings of the workshop on “Modelling water and nutrient dynamics in soil–crop systems” held on 14–16 June 2004 in Müncheberg, Germany. Springer, The Netherlands. pp 1-17.
Lewis D.R. and M. B. McGechan, 2002. A Review of Field Scale Phosphorus Dynamics Models. Biosystems Engineering 82, 359–380.
McGechan M. B. and D. R. Lewis, 2002. Sorption of Phosphorus by Soil, Part 1: Principles, Equations and Models. Biosystems Engineering 82, 1–24.
McGechan M.B., 2002. Sorption of Phosphorus by Soil, Part 2: Measurement Methods, Results and Model Parameter Values. Biosystems Engineering 82, 115–130.
McGechan, M.B. and L. Wu, 2001. A Review of Carbon and Nitrogen Processes in European Soil Nitrogen Dynamics Models. In: Shaffer, M.J., L. Ma and S. Hansen (Eds.), Modelling Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics for Soil Management. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton. pp. 103-167.
Moreels E., S. De Neve, G. Hofman and M. Van Meirvenne, 2003. Simulating nitrate leaching in bare fallow soils: a model comparison. Nutr. Cycling Agroecosyst 67, 137–144.
Renaud, L.V., J. Roelsma and P. Groenendijk, 2005. User’s guide of the ANIMO4.0 nutrient leaching model. Wageningen, Alterra–Report 224, 184 pp
Reiniger, P, J. Hutson, H. Jansen, J. Kragt, H. Piehler, M. Swarts, H. Vereecken, 1990. Evaluation and testing of models describing nitrogen transport in soil: a European project. In: Transaction of 14th ICSS, Kyoto, Japan, August 12-18, 1990. Volume I: 56-61.
Rijtema, P.E., P. Groenendijk and J.G. Kroes, 1999. Environmental impact of land use in rural regions. The Development, Validation and Application of Model Tools for Management and Policy Analysis. Series on Environmental Science and Management vol. 1, Imperial College Press, Imperial College, London, UK, p. 321.
Shibu, M . , P. Leffelaar , H. Van Keulen and P. Aggarwal, 2006. Quantitative description of soil organic matter dynamics—A review of approaches with reference to rice-based cropping systems . Geoderma 137, 1 – 18.
Schoumans, O.F. and M. Silgram (eds.), 2003. Review and Literature Evaluation of Quantification Tools for the Assessment of Nutrient Losses at Catchment Scale. EUROHARP report 1-2003, NIVA report SNO 4739-2003, Oslo, Norway, p. 120.
Vereecken, H., E.J. Jansen, M.J.D. Hack-ten Broecke, M. Swerts, R. Engelke, S. Fabrewitz & S. Hansen, 1991. Comparison of simulation results of five nitrogen models using different datasets. In: CEC, 1991. Final report of the project: Nitrate in soils (Sect. 8.2).
Willigen, P. de, 1991. Nitrogen turnover in the soil-crop system; comparison of fourteen simulation models. Fertilizer Research 27, 141-149.
Willigen, P. de., O. Oenema and W. de Vries, 2007. Modelling Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycling in Agricultural Systems at Field and Regional Scales. In: Marschner, P. and Z. Rengel (Eds.) Nutrient Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Book Series Soil Biology Vol. 10, Springer. pp 361-390.
Wu, L. and M. B. McGechan, 1998. A Review of Carbon and Nitrogen Processes in Four Soil Nitrogen Dynamics Models. J. Agric. Engng Res. 69, 279-305.
Field scale studies
Blanco Gómez, P., 2007. Simulation of water flow and DOC transport in upland peat soils with different land covers using SWAP and ANIMO models. MSc Thesis, School Of Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, UK.
Bondarik, I. G. and V.A. Koryagin, 2004. Use of mathematical models SWAP, ANIMO, WOFOST, in farm production scenario analysis for reclaimed agro-landscapes in Kaliningrad and Moscow regions. Proceedings of ICID Interregional Conference on food production and water: social and economic issues of irrigation and drainage, Moscow, Russia, 5-11 September 2004. ICID.
Dawson, Q. L. 2006. Low-lying agricultural peatland sustainability under managed water regimes. Ph.D. Thesis, National Soil Resources Institute, Cranfield University, UK.
Hack-ten Broeke M.J.D., W.J.M. de Groot and J.P. Dijkstra, 1996. Impact of excreted nitrogen by grazing cattle on nitrate leaching. Soil Use and Management 12 190-198.
Hack-ten Broeke M.J.D. and A.H.J. van der Putten, 1997. Nitrate leaching affected by management options with respect to urine-affected areas and groundwater levels for grazed grassland. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 66: 197-210.
Hack-ten Broeke M.J.D. and W.J.M. de Groot, 1998. Evaluation of nitrate leaching risk at site and farm level. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 50: 271–276.
Hendriks, R.F.A., K. Oostindie and P. Hamminga, 1999. Simulation of bromide tracer and nitrogen transport in a cracked clay soil with the FLOCR/ANIMO model combination. Journal of Hydrology 215, 94–115.
Kroes, J.G. and J. Roelsma, 2007. Simulation of water and nitrogen flows on field scale: application of the SWAP-ANIMO model for the Müncheberg data set. In: Kersebaum, K. Ch., et al., (Eds.), Modelling Water and Nutrient Dynamics in Soil-Crop Systems. Springer. pp. 111-128.
Maria Elena Ruiz / Jose Miguel de la Paz / Carlos Ramos / Hanoi Medina SISTEMA SWAP-ANIMO PARA ESTIMAR LOS BALANCES DE AGUA Y NITRATOS EN UNA REGIÓN DE VALENCIA, ESPAÑA. Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias, año/vol. 17, número 001 Universidad Agraria de La Habana. La Habana, Cuba.
Marinov, D., Querner and J. Roelsma, 2005. Simulation of water flow and nitrogen transport for a Bulgarian experimental plot using SWAP and ANIMO models. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 77 145– 164.
Mioduszewski, W., M. Fic, A. Slesicka, A. Zdanowicz, W. Walther, M. Paetsch, F. Reinstorf, D. Weller, S. Diankov, G. Velovsky, S. Radoslavov, W. Marinov, O. Nicheva, E.P. Querner and J. Roelsma, 2005. Development of tools needed for an impact analysis for groundwater quality due to changing of agricultural soil use. In: Nitrates in groundwater. European meeting of the International Association of Hydrogeologists; Wisla (Poland). Balkema, Leiden. pp. 123 - 128.
Rijtema, P.E. and J.G. Kroes, 1991. Some results of nitrogen simulations with the model ANIMO. Fertilizer Research 27, 189-198.
Salm, C. van der and O.F. Schoumans, 2000. Phosphate losses on four grassland plots used for dairy farming; Measured phosphate losses and calibration of the model ANIMO. Alterra, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Report 083.
Eugenio Carrillo Ávila. Sobre el uso del método inverso para la caracterización hidrodinámica de los suelos
Ten Berge, H.F.M. (Ed.), 2002. A review of potential indicators for nitrate loss from cropping and farming systems in the Netherlands. Plant Research International, Wageningen. The Netherlands. Report 31.
Vinten, A.J.A., 1999. Predicting Nitrate Leaching from Drained Arable Soils Derived from Glacial Till. J. Environ. Qual. 28, 988-996.
Vinten, A.J.A., B.C. Ball, M.F. O’Sullivan and J.K. Henshall, 2003. The effects of cultivation method, fertilizer input and previous sward type on organic C and N storage and gaseous losses under spring and winter barley following long-term leys. J. of Agr. Sci., 139, 231-243.
Wolf, J., M.J.D. Hack-ten Broeke and R. Rötter, 2005. Simulation of nitrogen leaching in sandy soils in The Netherlands with the ANIMO model and the integrated modelling system STONE. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 105, 523–540.
Regional applications
Boogaard, H.L., Kroes, J.G. 1998. Leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus from rural areas to surface waters in the Netherlands. Nutr. Cycling Agroecosyst. 50, 321-324.
Bijlsma R, P. Groenendijk, P. Boers and M. Blind, 2006. Uncertainty assessment on the nutrient concentration in the Regge catchment, Vecht River basin, the Netherlands. HarmoniRiB report D7.4
Groenendijk, P. and P.C.M. Boers, 1999. Surface water pollution from diffuse Agricultural sources at a regional scale. In: Heathwaite, L., Ed. Impact of Land-Use Change on Nutrient Loads from Diffuse Sources. Wallingford (UK), IAHS Publ. No. 257, pp. 235-244.
Groenendijk, P., R. Bijlsma, D.J.J. Walvoort & L.V. Renaud, 2008. Analysis of nutrient losses and parameter uncertainties in soils and surface water systems at the catchment scale. In: Abesser, C., T. Wagener & G. Nuetzmann, Groundwater – Surface Water Interaction: Process Understanding, Conceptualization and Modelling, 158 – 163, IAHS Press, Wallingford, UK.
Hack-ten Broeke, M.J.D. A.G.T. Schut and J. Bouma, 1999. Effects on nitrate leaching and yield potential of implementing newly developed sustainable land use systems for dairy farming on sandy soils in the Netherlands. Geoderma 91,217–235.
Kroes, J.G., P.C.M. Boers, H.L. Boogaard, E.F.W. Ruijgh and J.A.P.H. Vermulst, 1997. Impact of manure policies on leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus from rural areas to Dutch ground and surface waters: methodology and application on a national scale. In: Brouwer, F.M. and W. Kleinhans (eds.), 1997. The implementation of nitrate policies in Europe: Processes of change in environmental policy and agriculture, Kiel, published by: Wissenschaftsverlag Vauk, Kiel, Germany, ISBN 3-8175-0262-1
Kroes, J.[G.], J. Beldman, H. te Beest, D. Boland & T. Vellinga, 2002: Conflicting interests in a Dutch agricultural dairy farming system. In: J.[H.A.M.] Steenvoorden, F. Claessen & J. Willems (eds.), Agricultural effects on ground and surface waters: research at the edge of science and society. Wallingford (UK), IAHS, 2002. IAHS Publ. 273, pp. 41-48.
Kroes, J.G. and P. Groenendijk, 2003. Nutrient emissions from soil to surface waters: integrated modelling at a regional scale. Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 5, 14386.
Ollesch G., I. Kistner, Y. Sukhanovski and M. Rode, 2005. Dynamic and modelling of sediment associated nutrients in a low mountain environment. In: Horowitz, A. J. and D.E. Walling. Sediment budgets 2. IAHS Press, Wallingford, Vol. 292, pp. 171-178.
Ollesch G., I. Kistner, R. Meissner and K.-E. Lindenschmidt, 2006. Modelling of snowmelt erosion and sediment yield in a small low-mountain catchment in Germany. Catena 68 161 – 176.
Sonneveld, M.P.W. and J. Bouma, 2003. Methodological considerations for nitrogen policies in the Netherlands including a new role for research. Env. Sci & Policy 6 501–511.
Sonneveld, M.P.W. and J. Bouma, 2003. Effects of combinations of land use history and nitrogen application on nitrate concentration in the groundwater. NJAS 51, 135-146.
Steenvoorden J.H.A.M., C.W.J. Roest, and P.C.M. Boers 1997. Simulation of nutrient losses to groundwater and surface waters in The Netherlands. In: Webb, B. Ed. Freshwater Contamination. Wallingford (UK), IAHS Publ. No. 243, pp. 323-332.
Wolf J., A.H.W. Beusen, P. Groenendijk, T. Kroon, R.Rötter and H. van Zeijts, 2003. The integrated modeling system STONE for calculating nutrient emissions from agriculture in the Netherlands. Environmental Modelling & Software 18, 597–617.
Rijtema, P.E. and Kroes, J.G, 1990. Nitrogen modelling on a regional scale. Proceedings of the NATO ARW workshop "Nitrate-contamination: Exposure, Consequence and Control", Lincoln, Nebraska, sept.1990.
Contact
Organisation(s) involved in the development of the model
The ANIMO model was originally developed in 1985 by the Institute for Land and Water management Research. The first version of the model was operational in 1985 and ever since its development has continued until the present version. Version 4.0 of the model ANIMO is integrated into the model instrument STONE (Samen Te Ontwikkelen Nutriënten Emissiemodel). STONE is a tool for analyzing the impacts of fertilization scenarios on nutrient leaching to groundwater and surface water systems on the Dutch national scale.
The maintenance of the model and the software implementation is financed in the framework of the STONE development (BO-05). For questions about the process formulations, the reader is referred to Mr. P. Groenendijk. For inquiries about new features as transport in cracking clay soils and macroporous peat soils and the emission of green house gasses, one should contact Rob Hendriks.
Information on the programme code or availability of the ANIMO model is obtainable via Leo Renaud.
Development Group
Address:
Wageningen Environmental Research
Sustainable soil management
P.O. Box 47; NL 6700 AA Wageningen