Circular sanitation in relation to nutrients recycling and (urban) agriculture in the city of Amsterdam : Deliverable D4.4 Opportunities and barriers for circular sanitation within urban context

Samenvatting

Wastewater is an important residual stream in terms of nutrients, in cities especially from household sources. This report explains why improving circularity of sanitation systems is relevant, how it is linked with circular (urban) food production, what circular sanitation systems entail and what opportunities and barriers are present for its realisation. Discussed aspects are related to sustainability, environment, quality, agronomy,legislation, health and safety, technology, economy and awareness and acceptation. The report furthermore provides recommendations to promote the transition from conventional wastewater treatment to circular sanitation and nutrient recovery and reuse in relation to (urban) agriculture. Recommendations for Amsterdam and other cities and stakeholders are: provide clarity in legislation, stimulate and work on quality assurance, tackle legislative barriers, stimulate the demand side for nutrients and biobased fertilisers, make new and renovated buildings circular sanitation proof, assess profitability and sustainability of circular sanitation area-specific, and assign responsibilities in the transition towards circular sanitation.