Nature is a complex maze for geline hyperparasitoids

Summary

Hyperparasitoids are parasitoids that parasitize parasitoids that are on higher trophic levels. Their life history is amazing as the host range is limited in nature, especially for these wingless species such as in this study. There are trade-offs, niche overlap throughout the development. Factors that might affect were studied. Maternal size had no effect on offspring development, and host quality was the main determining factor. Different complexities of maze and habitat heterogeneity also played a role in shaping the competition and niche.